Brontekst bekijken van Options for Managing a Systemic Bank Crisis

{{Publikatie
|Is van soort=Artikel
|Heeft auteur=Bernard Lietaer,Robert Ulanowicz,Sally Goerner
|Heeft trefwoorden=geld,crisis,bankieren,bankcrisis
|Heeft aantal paginas=28
|Online=http://lietaer.com/images/Sapiens_text_final.pdf
|Is geschreven in taal=Engels
|Is gepubliceerd in jaar=maart 2009
}}
==Executive Summary==
The on-going financial crisis results not from a cyclical or managerial failure, but from a structural one: more than 96 other major banking crises occurred over the past 20 years, and these crashes have happened under very different regulatory systems and at different stages of economic development. So far, conventional solutions are being applied—nationalization of the problem assets (as in the original Paulson bailout) or nationalization of the banks (as in Europe). These solutions only deal with the symptoms and not the systemic cause of today’s banking crisis. Similarly, the financial re-regulation that will be on everybody’s political agenda will, at best, reduce the frequency of such crises, but not avoid their re-occurrence. Better solutions are urgently needed because the last breakdown of this magnitude, the Great Depression of the 1930s, ended up in a wave of fascism and World War II.

In this paper, we describe a recent conceptual breakthrough—based on the functioning of balanced ecosystems— that shows that all complex systems, including our monetary and financial ones, become structurally unstable whenever efficiency is overemphasized at the expense of diversity, interconnectivity and the crucial resilience they provide. The point is not that ecosystems are a useful metaphor for economies. Rather, both economies and ecosystems follow deeper laws that apply to all complex flow systems, including economies and ecosystems. The surprising insight from such a systemic perspective is that sustainable vitality in the financial realm involves diversifying the types of currencies and institutions, by introducing new ones that are designed specifically to increase the availability of money in its prime function as a medium of exchange, rather than for savings or speculation. Additionally, these currencies are expressly designed to link unused resources with unmet needs within a community, region or country.

These currencies are know as '''complementary''' because they do not replace the conventional national money, but rather, operate in parallel with it. We submit that such a systemic understanding is available, and that a technical solution can now readily be implemented that would ensure that the devastating effects of banking and/or monetary crashes become a phenomenon of the past. The most effective way for governments to support such a strategy of a more diverse and sustainable monetary ecology would be to accept a welldesigned, robust complementary currency in partial payment of taxes during a period when banks are not in a position to fully finance the real economy. The choice of such a complementary currency is both a technical issue (robustness and resilience against fraud) and a political one (what type of activities are desirable to support). A good candidate for consideration would be a professionally run business-to-business (B2B) complementary currency based on the model of the WIR system. This currency has been successfully operational for 75 years in Switzerland, now involving a quarter of all the businesses in that country. Peer-reviewed econometric analysis has proven that the WIR acts as a significant counter-cyclical stabilizing factor that explains the proverbial long-standing stability of the Swiss economy.